In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the Essay

In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the printed book change during the first hundred years of its existence in Europe - Essay Example There are different purposes for printing: to inform, educate, sell, and entertain or to impress. The function aspect of printing includes the audience, copywriting the message and cost of printing (Grendler 1993, p43). Form and function have to work together in order to accomplish a printing goal. Print has a rich and long history, dating back to 500-800 AD, when Chinese used woodblock kind of printing. This printing was called the woodblock method (Eisenstein 2005, p52). It involved engraving the background on wood. This was used for both illustrations and text. Page normally consisted of multiple wood blocks joined together. When the page was complete, it would then be inked and a printing surface such as a sheet of paper placed over it. This kind of printing usually consumed a lot of time and effort and it was also not durable (Moran 1973, p45). Printing as we know it could not have been possible without the important invention of Johann Gutenberg. This German inventor came up with a printing press that completely changed the world of printing (Childress 2008, p37). The printing press is a machine that integrates several technologies such as ink and paper and movable type printing. The printing press also changed the function and form of the printed book during the first h undred years of its existence in renaissance Europe (Grendler 1993, p45). This paper aims at exploring the ways in which the printed book’s form and function changed during this time. It also analyses the reasons that led to this change. In order to print one has to have type. The types used in printed books were somewhat different from those used in Manuscripts. Type fonts were created depending on the local scripts that were in use (Grendler 1993, p61). Much of the type used in the early years of printing was usually calligraphic, meaning that it imitated handwriting. In 1476, the Englishman William Caxton

Organ Donation Ethical Issues

Organ Donation Ethical Issues The need for the organ transplant is increasing in our sector of health care as more and more end stage diseases are being diagnosed. Organ transplantation may be a life-saving option, but they are not without their challenges and risks. The concept of organ transplantation is both miraculous and challenging at the same time. Whether a patient needs a new kidney, liver, heart, or lung, there are multiple issues that the patient and the family need to deal with. They involve decisions before the transplantation and medical issues postoperatively. An organ transplant bill that had been under study with the senate since 1992 was finally approved on 5 September 2007 as A Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Ordinance 2007 by the Government of Pakistan, and many illegal organ donation and transplantation centers were closed down and many senior doctors involved in the act were charged against it. The issue over here is much diversified and complex when we go into the details of the consequences of the act. Firstly, the question arises of what is right and what is permissible? Secondly, the right of making the laws for the right and wrong act is disputed and challenged by mankind, on the basis of his reasoning and self judgment. Moral Issues The organ transplantation has been long debated and addressed by many scholars from both religious and secular perspective. The major issues concerning the wide permissibility of the act are of bypassing the virtue ethics cardinal features: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. If we further categorize the ethical dilemmas we can address he organ transplant act under these broad types, which encompass their own challenges when it comes to making a sound and safe decision. These categories are: Transplant organ from a living person. Transplant of organ from a dead person Transplant from a fetus. If we were not being guided by the supreme law, which has been transedented on us, and let us believe, that man has the power of brains over all other logics and laws of nature. Then trying to find any solution for a given problem, or setting any rules to follow for any system to work would have been very difficult. In other words trying to find analogies for God grounded systems is beyond human competence and reasoning. Considering moral principles Considering the issue of organ donation and transplantation, the respect for autonomy is the right to choose for the decision making of certain biomedical ethical dilemma. It not just involves giving respect for the attitude, but also for the action to be performed. From pure secular ethics point, we can relate what Immanuel Kant had recognized from the concept of unconditional worth, stating that each individual has the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is like treating that person merely as means, without regard to that persons own goals. Example if a person s dead and his organs are taken from his body without his previous advance directives of any such act, then, its again considered to be using that body as a means. But what if that organ was so precious in saving the life of a living person, who could have benefitted humanity if given a chance to live, e.g. a doctor or a well trained militant, etc. this shows the beneficence over the autonomy and serving the utilitarian ethical principle. If we consider the case of organ taken from a fetus, then again who is the ultimate supreme authority to give consent on behalf of that minor? What makes one decides the ruling of a certain act to be just for an individual? Then here comes the question of, who plays the role of the unquestionable evaluator and who among us is eligible to be devoid of all flaws in reasoning and decision making? Does the living donor has the ultimate right over his body or his relatives who have the right to decide the answer to this if another influential family member is the supposed recipient of the organ? A wife cannot take decision over her own medical issues without her husbands will and consent? A poor clan member of a certain tribe falls victim to the Jirga rulings. Similarly what happens to the war prisoners? The freedom fighters in occupied areas, who have been mutilated for organ trafficking? Who plays the role of just decision mak ing and for what principle? Is it justified that Greatest happiness Principle is fulfilled by the Utilitarian approach? Kantian approach, a duty to save human life? Egalitarian approach, to get equal benefit? Communitarian to serve the community benefits at the cost of ones own necessities and health. The questions remains open ended, if we try to rebut the argument with one ethical principle, then the other might get offended. Does virtue ethics answers every thing? Promoting Organ transplantation has three basic issues namely social, religious and political. The controversy still goes on whether to openly accept the permissibility of the act or to completely Bann it. Another important debate is on the issue of burial in case of cadaveric transplants. The question is of the sanctity of the deceased maintained at the time of burial if he is stripped off all his organs and a hollow coffin is buried instead; would any of us want such an end of life. Moreover some people are of the view that every individual holds the right to be buried as a whole and taking out his body organs (in cases when he hasnt left a clear will regarding the issue) despite in all good faith sounds unethical. These delicate and intricate details further complicate the allowance of this transplantation and organ donation act in full context in all diversities of cases. But the arguments strength depends upon careful analysis of each of the cases keeping in mind all kinds of ha rms and benefits ; be it physical, emotional or financial pertaining to the donor, recipient, and / or their families. Argumentative views regarding the retrieval of an organ from a cadaver as being a part of the corpse or not is also an aspect that cannot be overlooked. The controversial role of Advanced Directives has led to two main questions: 1. Does one have legal rights over ones body? 2. If that is the case, then what exactly is wrong with even selling something that belongs to me? Another view held by many individuals is that, so what it is just an organ? People can sell their organs, which is supposedly their ownership, to gain financial benefits for their families. This again holds the view of providing benefit to many, without doing harm(as the removal of organ is done under anesthesia). But doesnt this promotes the evil of organ trafficking which would harm many poor population and weaker ones in the society. This consequentionalist approach is again challenged here. The chain of this reaction would eventually affect many people, be it a good end or a bad. The principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence can be advanced in the context of different issues: like the expertise available, the disclosure of all the possible outcomes and complications of the procedure, for the donor and the recipient, both medical and financial. The support that would be needed by the family and the prognosis of such advanced procedures should be looked into detail to benefit the patient and do no harm to the donor and the family members. The professional may have an influential role on the decision making. The autonomy of the patient is usually surrogated by the financial and moral obligation of the social setup. There is a strong need for a system to keep a check on the medical problems of certain disease transmission through non screened donor organs, the use of unskilled surgeons in removing the organ, organ trafficking and selling, the actual financial damages of the post operative chemotherapy and potential need for the failure of the graft or re-transplantation, the actual life expectancy even after the transplant of individual case etc. Every states constitution differs in some aspect to their religious and cultural norms, example, what ever is permissible in Germany is not accepted in many Muslim states, so the need for a definite, supreme, sovereign law cannot be denied. Conclusion Finding the ultimate law which would be unchallengeable and flawless is yet to be defined by the human nature. The unlimited limits of transedental laws and reasoning begins, where my horizons of imagination and limited reasoning ends. The noble act of organ donation should be encouraged only in the limits drawn by the Shariah rulings of the contemporary times in view of its divines as an act of saving the humankind and helping those who are suffering. It should be given prime importance that these rulings certainly apply to variations of case selection as well.

US Policy Failure: Unilateralism in a Global Environment :: Essays Papers

US Policy Failure: Unilateralism in a Global Environment IMPORTANCE OF MULTILATERALISM In the global age that we live in, it is unreasonable to think that a nation can independently face the complex diplomatic challenges that exist, yet the Bush administration has clearly demonstrated its intention to act unilaterally on a number of important issues, from worldwide security and terrorism to infectious disease and other environmental and humanitarian issues. Throughout the 1990’s, the United States relied primarily on a foreign policy based on multilateral efforts; however, signs of unilateralism began to emerge in 2002 with the planning of the Iraq War. (Levy) In an outline of the United States national security strategy, the current administration made it clear that it no longer felt bound by preexisting global agreements, and that it maintained the prerogative to defend itself from perceived threats even if the international community did not believe such threats were legitimate enough to necessitate action. While the United States will constantly strive to enlist the support of the international community, we will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self-defense by acting preemptively...Today humanity holds in its hands the opportunity to further freedom's triumph over all these foes. The United States welcomes our responsibility to lead in this great mission. But our responsibility to history is clear: to answer these attacks and rid the world of evil. (The National Security Strategy of the United States (2002), p 6, preface, and p 5) Aside from violating the charter of the UN, unilateral preemption is simply not a sound national security policy. There are many advantages inherent to multilateralism that are not possible under a unilateral approach, such as the assurance of participation by all in the management of world affairs, and the legitimacy that it provides, particularly when it comes to matters regarding the use of force or the establishment of universal norms. Also, the complexity of global politics presents a serious challenge to the use of US power. In spite of its incredible military superiority, the United States is dependent on support from allies when it operates abroad. Geographically strategic position gives weak states and advantage when the United States is seeking access to military positions, further stressing the necessity of maintaining good relationships with other countries. In accordance with its apparent wishes, the United States government finds itself alone in its belief in unilateralism; most other governments understand the importance of multilateralism, citing its importance to effectively dealing with issues of Global priority.

Teenagers of Today’s World Have a Better School Life Than Their Parents Had When They Were at School

I hear my father often saying to me that we, the children of the present age, enjoy more freedom than they did when they were children. I admit to myself, perhaps it is true. If we require anything, for personal use or for school purposes, our parents buy them without hesitation. They love to get us things we demand. Today, it is a very, very ordinary thing to find a school going teenager talking into a smart-looking cell phone, or browsing internet, looking for scholarships or other academic centre where s/he wants to go for studies in future. A growing child dresses well, goes out with her/his parents to swanky restaurants to dine, travels once or twice a year and has her/his birthdays celebrated ritually every year. Actually, these days, being the apples of the eyes of their parents, children will lack nothing that they can afford. All very well for the children of today. If we consider the above examples, some of us may agree that the children of our present day are indeed fortunate. But, consider the issue a little bit deeper. Are there actually roses, roses all the way for the growing children like us? Let us look around us, how the world is taking shape, how everything is changing. We can no longer be like the children of yester years, with a free mind and body, playing to our heart’s content, remaining childlike. With the exception of a few holidays every day in our life is bound to a regimental routine. We have to get up early in the morning, prepare ourselves for school, and come back in the afternoon. In the evening, it is homework time and time for the preparation for the umpteen examinations. In between the daily routine, we have to go to learn and acquire new skills, how to draw how to dance well and recite, how to compute like a professional and how to swim gracefully. Then there are more for others. Some go to learn playing tennis or chess, cricket or soccer, badminton or basketball. All this, we are taught, is for a successful life afterwards. We cannot hope to get admission in any reputed institute later on unless we score a certain percentage of marks in our board examination. Even after that, we have to appear for a tough merit test to acquire a seat in the institute. Our parents stake high hopes on us that we would bring luck in our family become someone to be proud of. Now, is it not a challenge we face everyday? A modern child has to face challenges everywhere. Security and love of the family cannot protect her from the competitive world. The on going onslaught of being left behind is always lurking. We always have to be up and get going. It is always study time. Would some one please explain why all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy?

Code of the Street Essay

The introduction chapter first explains the different types of neighborhoods that the city of Philadelphia has and each of the risks that go along with each neighborhood. Some of the neighborhoods are predominantly white, some are racially mixed, and some are predominately black. In the white-middle class neighborhoods, the neighborhood farthest away from the core downtown area, there is little crime and upscale restaurants and stores. In the racially mixed neighborhood the blacks and whites tend to get along but the whites are still aware that blacks are around. In the black neighborhoods public decency gets little respect. The author explains a story about a women stopping her car in the middle of the street and nobody says a word or beeps a horn. This is because nobody wants to start an uproar or see the women’s wrath. â€Å"This way, the code of the street provides an element of social organization and actually lessens the probability of violence. Code of the Street The main problems in the inner-black communities, is the interpersonal violence and aggression. This aggression and violence is the result from the lack of jobs, limited public services, the stigma of race, the fallout from rampant drug use, and drug trafficking on the streets. The street culture has evolved a â€Å"code of the street†, which amounts to a set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, particularly violence. In the code of the streets everything is revolved around respect. With respect, people have peace and security in public. The respect needed in a city like Philadelphia can cause people to do wrong things, but respect is needed to live in a city like Philadelphia. Chapter 1 Decent and Street Families The beginning of chapter one explains that â€Å"decent† and â€Å"street† labels is the result of a social contest among individuals and families of the neighborhood. Even though a person might be a â€Å"decent†, that person might act like a â€Å"street†. Even though a person might be a â€Å"street† that person might act like a â€Å"decent†. This action is called code switching. Decent teenagers are more often engage in code switching. This is because decent  people don’t get the same respect as â€Å"street† people on the streets of Philadelphia. This causes decent people to do the same actions of street people. Street people pride themselves on living the thug life. These people are usually highly intelligent but lack the education needed. The street people tend to embrace the street code to the max and will live and die on the street. Decent Families From what I took from that section of the chapter is that decent families from the inner cities pride themselves on being like middle class nuclear families. The decent family prides themselves on working hard and making do with what they have. The decent family saves their money for material things. The decent family instills a sense of responsibility in its younger members. Most decent families have the father still living with them. The father is usually the head of the household and sets rules for his children. He is a very strict man trying to keep his children away from the street life. Street Families The street family lives by the code of the street. These families have very little resources compared to the decent family. The lives of street-oriented families are usually disorganized. Bills are usually unpaid but instead money will be spent on drugs, cigarettes, and liquor. Street families are usually considered to be lowlifes or bad people and are seen as a bad influence on the community. The kids of street families have it the hardest. These kids usually live in homes of crack addict mothers and drug dealing fathers. The kids learn from their parents and tend to grow up to be the same things. This is an example of the social learning theory. This is a prime example because the kids are learning this from the parents and then go on to do the same things their parents are doing. It is usually a cycle until someone in the family breaks it. Chapter 2 Campaigning for Respect This chapter in my opinion is the most important chapter in the book. The code of the streets is all about respect. Everything a person does on the streets is all for respect. Without respect the person will not be able to  survive on the streets. â€Å"Respect becomes critical for staying out of harm’s way.† To get respect on the streets a person might fight for it. Much of the code has to do with achieving and holding respect. The Social Shuffle The first chapter talked about decent kids trying to act like street kids, this section of the chapter is all about that. Decent kids grow up with street kids and the street kids usually bully the decent kids. To get respect the decent kids are typically fighting for respect so they are not bullied. â€Å"As a means for survival having a â€Å"name,† a reputation for being willing and able to fight is a way to get respect among peers.† The Self-Image Based on Juice Juice is a term in the streets that refers that there are no guarantees against challenges, because there are always people around looking for a fight in order to increase their share of respect. In the streets the right look can get a person respected. Physical appearance and clothes plays an important role in respect. If a person does not have the right clothes to fit it a way to get those materialist things is by taking possessions. The School as a Staging Area In class we learned that a young age kids get labeled. This label can be carried all the way through high school. In the code of the street I learned that even though the decent kids are good kids they would act like the label that gives them respect instead of the good label that they are. In Philadelphia most kids don’t take school seriously. To accept school would give in act white, to give up the value of the street for some other thing. This shows weakness and does not give respect on the street. Chapter 3 Drugs, Violence, and Street Crime Drugs and crime go hand and hand. The more drugs on the street the more crime is being committed. The same thing goes for jobs and education. The better education a person has, the more chance of a person finding a job. Kids from the inner city are pretty much are set to fail. The inner cities usually have poor education systems resulting in kids not having the proper  education to find a decent paying job. This is forcing kids to go into the streets and dealing drugs. This results in more crime for the cities. If cities would give kids a proper education then there would be less drugs, violence, and crime. This section in my opinion is the strain theory. The social structure around the children pressures them into committing street crimes. Chapter 4 The Mating Game The sentence that stood out to me the most in this chapter was â€Å"a street-oriented young man may rationalize his marriage as a â€Å"trap† into which the women has lured him.† The fact that young girls want to get pregnant at a young age to keep their baby daddy’s around is crazy to me. In society it is hard to afford a child when the person has a well-paying job. When an inner city child has a child that kid is set up to fail. The Baby Club The section of this chapter talks about how girls have the dream of a â€Å"good life† and to have that â€Å"good life† it is necessary to have a baby. It is the â€Å"cool† thing to have a baby in the inner city, as the book says. The girls have social clubs and peer groups that give social support for having a baby at a young age. In the inner city it was an accessory to have a baby and to have the coolest accessory, there was a need to get the baby decked out in the coolest/hippest clothes. This is an example of ration choice theory. Even though rational choice was not to have a child, the lack of emotion for the father and child caused the person to have a kid. Chapter 5 The Decent Daddy The Decent Daddy is someone that is respected in the neighborhood and in the household. This person is a true man. He respects his wife and provides for his kids. The wellbeing for his family is his main priority. In the inner city of Philadelphia there are not many of these people. In the inner city it is all about the game and money, and less about the family. This chapter showed many examples of decent men in the inner city and all the men cared about their family more than the street life. I believe if there were more men like this in the inner city this would be a positive example of a social learning theory. In class we talked mostly about how it is a negative  aspect of sociology, but this is a circumstance that it can be a positive. Chapter 7 John Turner’s Story The whole entire time I was reading John Turner’s story I was thinking â€Å"is the author trying to make us feel bad for this guy.† I did not feel bad at all for John Turner because if he didn’t bring that gun to solve a dispute he wouldn’t be in this situation. He got himself in this situation. From what the author said, John Turner was a big guy and more than likely could have defended himself without the need of a gun. John had many struggles after his day in court. He had a job, went to jail, started dealing drugs, found another job, and then lost the job. John wanted a life that was socially acceptable but his life in the streets altered those views. In class we learned about culture. It is the set of norms and values passed down from generation to generation in society. The code of the street is like cancer. It the code is in their genes and gets passed down from generation to generation. Conclusion: The Conversion of a Role Model Robert was very respected on the streets for his gang like mentality but got locked up in jail. In jail he learned that the hustle in the streets is not a good way of life. When he got out of jail, Robert started his own hotdog stand business. People on the streets recongnized that he was doing well in his life without committing criminal acts. The code of the streets is still in Roberts mind but he does not have to live by the code of the streets. My Honest opinion of the Book I feel like this book repeated itself way too much. I am a criminal justice major and have taken a gangs class and a lot of what I learned about in that class was in this book. The author could have saved 300 pages of paper by just writing the last sentence of the conclusion. â€Å"Unless serious efforts are made to address this problem and the cycle is broke, attitudes on both sides will become increasingly hardened, and alienation and violence, which claim victims black and white, poor and affluent, will likely worsen.†

Free Essays on Ghosts And Poltergiests

What is the difference between hauntings and poltergeists? Some people might think there really isn’t a difference. The difference is that hauntings are spirits of deceased human beings that appear frequently in a certain place. Poltergeists are a more physical version of ghosts. Poltergeists meaning â€Å"noisy ghost† in German is exactly what it sound like. Poltergeists will scream, throw objects, and make noises such as rapping or taps to make their presence known. In other cases poltergeists have been linked to demons. Most hauntings are usually related to a specific place or tragic death. The differences between poltergeist activity and hauntings are hard to distinguish, but in different situations it is noticeable. Haunting activities are continuous over time, concentrated in the same area. While poltergeists activities seem to disappear for a time period and come back. Examples of both poltergeists and hauntings can be found in the history of the Borley Rectory a nd the Tower of London, two very old English building with traumatic and dramatic supernatural histories. The Tower of London is known world-wide for its bloody history and the royalty that have walked through the halls of the building. Although you might imagine the tower to be big it is merely the size of a four story house. It is where the crown jewels are kept, including the Star of Africa, which is the largest diamond in the world. The Tower has a long and gruesome history. More than a dozen people were executed and it is said to be one of the â€Å"most haunted places in England†. The tower is overflowing with paranormal activity, especially ghosts. The most famous ghost is Anne Boleyn. She was the â€Å"most celebrated of the wives of Henry VIII† She was beheaded in 1536 on the Tower Green. Her ghost is usually seen both on the Green and in the Chapel Royal which is located in the White Tower. It is there in the chapel where one of the sightings of her spirits w... Free Essays on Ghosts And Poltergiests Free Essays on Ghosts And Poltergiests What is the difference between hauntings and poltergeists? Some people might think there really isn’t a difference. The difference is that hauntings are spirits of deceased human beings that appear frequently in a certain place. Poltergeists are a more physical version of ghosts. Poltergeists meaning â€Å"noisy ghost† in German is exactly what it sound like. Poltergeists will scream, throw objects, and make noises such as rapping or taps to make their presence known. In other cases poltergeists have been linked to demons. Most hauntings are usually related to a specific place or tragic death. The differences between poltergeist activity and hauntings are hard to distinguish, but in different situations it is noticeable. Haunting activities are continuous over time, concentrated in the same area. While poltergeists activities seem to disappear for a time period and come back. Examples of both poltergeists and hauntings can be found in the history of the Borley Rectory a nd the Tower of London, two very old English building with traumatic and dramatic supernatural histories. The Tower of London is known world-wide for its bloody history and the royalty that have walked through the halls of the building. Although you might imagine the tower to be big it is merely the size of a four story house. It is where the crown jewels are kept, including the Star of Africa, which is the largest diamond in the world. The Tower has a long and gruesome history. More than a dozen people were executed and it is said to be one of the â€Å"most haunted places in England†. The tower is overflowing with paranormal activity, especially ghosts. The most famous ghost is Anne Boleyn. She was the â€Å"most celebrated of the wives of Henry VIII† She was beheaded in 1536 on the Tower Green. Her ghost is usually seen both on the Green and in the Chapel Royal which is located in the White Tower. It is there in the chapel where one of the sightings of her spirits w...

Free Essays on Discipline Problems

â€Å"How to Create Discipline Problems† As an educator, one would ideally be able to focus on giving students the tools to access knowledge. However, educators deal with children, who grow up under the care of their teachers. So, besides subject matter, teachers are charged with the duty of teaching children behaviors. And sometimes, instead of encouraging proper behavior, educators sometimes mistakenly encourage discipline problems with ineffective punishments or behaviors of their own. In Wasickso and Ross’s article, common mistakes of educators in discipline are given, as long as many effective solutions. The article is opened with a list of ways to effectively encourage discipline problems. (For the teacher who feels they don’t have enough on their plate already.) But what follows is truly a helpful guide to classroom management. My reaction will focus on three particular pieces of advice: â€Å"Expect the best from kids,† â€Å"Know each student well,† and â€Å"Treat students with love and respect.† If an educator expects little out of their students, the children will perform just at that expectation. It is a human flaw to work just as much as needed, and do what is needed for the bare minimum. Teachers have a responsibility to show children that the bare minimum, while it may be enough, is not the best. If they put forth the extra effort, they ought to receive a reward, be it extra-credit, extra recess, or special privileges. This thought goes hand in hand with discipline. If a teacher expects her children to misbehave, they will sense this expectation and perform accordingly. However, if a teacher expects a high behavioral pattern, and expresses this adequately, and also provides rewards for meeting this expectation, children will live up to this expectation, or at least put forth an effort to do so. And how does an educator set their expectations for classroom behavior without knowing their students? I... Free Essays on Discipline Problems Free Essays on Discipline Problems â€Å"How to Create Discipline Problems† As an educator, one would ideally be able to focus on giving students the tools to access knowledge. However, educators deal with children, who grow up under the care of their teachers. So, besides subject matter, teachers are charged with the duty of teaching children behaviors. And sometimes, instead of encouraging proper behavior, educators sometimes mistakenly encourage discipline problems with ineffective punishments or behaviors of their own. In Wasickso and Ross’s article, common mistakes of educators in discipline are given, as long as many effective solutions. The article is opened with a list of ways to effectively encourage discipline problems. (For the teacher who feels they don’t have enough on their plate already.) But what follows is truly a helpful guide to classroom management. My reaction will focus on three particular pieces of advice: â€Å"Expect the best from kids,† â€Å"Know each student well,† and â€Å"Treat students with love and respect.† If an educator expects little out of their students, the children will perform just at that expectation. It is a human flaw to work just as much as needed, and do what is needed for the bare minimum. Teachers have a responsibility to show children that the bare minimum, while it may be enough, is not the best. If they put forth the extra effort, they ought to receive a reward, be it extra-credit, extra recess, or special privileges. This thought goes hand in hand with discipline. If a teacher expects her children to misbehave, they will sense this expectation and perform accordingly. However, if a teacher expects a high behavioral pattern, and expresses this adequately, and also provides rewards for meeting this expectation, children will live up to this expectation, or at least put forth an effort to do so. And how does an educator set their expectations for classroom behavior without knowing their students? I...