In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the Essay

In what ways, and for what reasons, did the form and function of the printed book change during the first hundred years of its existence in Europe - Essay Example There are different purposes for printing: to inform, educate, sell, and entertain or to impress. The function aspect of printing includes the audience, copywriting the message and cost of printing (Grendler 1993, p43). Form and function have to work together in order to accomplish a printing goal. Print has a rich and long history, dating back to 500-800 AD, when Chinese used woodblock kind of printing. This printing was called the woodblock method (Eisenstein 2005, p52). It involved engraving the background on wood. This was used for both illustrations and text. Page normally consisted of multiple wood blocks joined together. When the page was complete, it would then be inked and a printing surface such as a sheet of paper placed over it. This kind of printing usually consumed a lot of time and effort and it was also not durable (Moran 1973, p45). Printing as we know it could not have been possible without the important invention of Johann Gutenberg. This German inventor came up with a printing press that completely changed the world of printing (Childress 2008, p37). The printing press is a machine that integrates several technologies such as ink and paper and movable type printing. The printing press also changed the function and form of the printed book during the first h undred years of its existence in renaissance Europe (Grendler 1993, p45). This paper aims at exploring the ways in which the printed book’s form and function changed during this time. It also analyses the reasons that led to this change. In order to print one has to have type. The types used in printed books were somewhat different from those used in Manuscripts. Type fonts were created depending on the local scripts that were in use (Grendler 1993, p61). Much of the type used in the early years of printing was usually calligraphic, meaning that it imitated handwriting. In 1476, the Englishman William Caxton

Organ Donation Ethical Issues

Organ Donation Ethical Issues The need for the organ transplant is increasing in our sector of health care as more and more end stage diseases are being diagnosed. Organ transplantation may be a life-saving option, but they are not without their challenges and risks. The concept of organ transplantation is both miraculous and challenging at the same time. Whether a patient needs a new kidney, liver, heart, or lung, there are multiple issues that the patient and the family need to deal with. They involve decisions before the transplantation and medical issues postoperatively. An organ transplant bill that had been under study with the senate since 1992 was finally approved on 5 September 2007 as A Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Ordinance 2007 by the Government of Pakistan, and many illegal organ donation and transplantation centers were closed down and many senior doctors involved in the act were charged against it. The issue over here is much diversified and complex when we go into the details of the consequences of the act. Firstly, the question arises of what is right and what is permissible? Secondly, the right of making the laws for the right and wrong act is disputed and challenged by mankind, on the basis of his reasoning and self judgment. Moral Issues The organ transplantation has been long debated and addressed by many scholars from both religious and secular perspective. The major issues concerning the wide permissibility of the act are of bypassing the virtue ethics cardinal features: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. If we further categorize the ethical dilemmas we can address he organ transplant act under these broad types, which encompass their own challenges when it comes to making a sound and safe decision. These categories are: Transplant organ from a living person. Transplant of organ from a dead person Transplant from a fetus. If we were not being guided by the supreme law, which has been transedented on us, and let us believe, that man has the power of brains over all other logics and laws of nature. Then trying to find any solution for a given problem, or setting any rules to follow for any system to work would have been very difficult. In other words trying to find analogies for God grounded systems is beyond human competence and reasoning. Considering moral principles Considering the issue of organ donation and transplantation, the respect for autonomy is the right to choose for the decision making of certain biomedical ethical dilemma. It not just involves giving respect for the attitude, but also for the action to be performed. From pure secular ethics point, we can relate what Immanuel Kant had recognized from the concept of unconditional worth, stating that each individual has the capacity to determine his or her own moral destiny. To violate a persons autonomy is like treating that person merely as means, without regard to that persons own goals. Example if a person s dead and his organs are taken from his body without his previous advance directives of any such act, then, its again considered to be using that body as a means. But what if that organ was so precious in saving the life of a living person, who could have benefitted humanity if given a chance to live, e.g. a doctor or a well trained militant, etc. this shows the beneficence over the autonomy and serving the utilitarian ethical principle. If we consider the case of organ taken from a fetus, then again who is the ultimate supreme authority to give consent on behalf of that minor? What makes one decides the ruling of a certain act to be just for an individual? Then here comes the question of, who plays the role of the unquestionable evaluator and who among us is eligible to be devoid of all flaws in reasoning and decision making? Does the living donor has the ultimate right over his body or his relatives who have the right to decide the answer to this if another influential family member is the supposed recipient of the organ? A wife cannot take decision over her own medical issues without her husbands will and consent? A poor clan member of a certain tribe falls victim to the Jirga rulings. Similarly what happens to the war prisoners? The freedom fighters in occupied areas, who have been mutilated for organ trafficking? Who plays the role of just decision mak ing and for what principle? Is it justified that Greatest happiness Principle is fulfilled by the Utilitarian approach? Kantian approach, a duty to save human life? Egalitarian approach, to get equal benefit? Communitarian to serve the community benefits at the cost of ones own necessities and health. The questions remains open ended, if we try to rebut the argument with one ethical principle, then the other might get offended. Does virtue ethics answers every thing? Promoting Organ transplantation has three basic issues namely social, religious and political. The controversy still goes on whether to openly accept the permissibility of the act or to completely Bann it. Another important debate is on the issue of burial in case of cadaveric transplants. The question is of the sanctity of the deceased maintained at the time of burial if he is stripped off all his organs and a hollow coffin is buried instead; would any of us want such an end of life. Moreover some people are of the view that every individual holds the right to be buried as a whole and taking out his body organs (in cases when he hasnt left a clear will regarding the issue) despite in all good faith sounds unethical. These delicate and intricate details further complicate the allowance of this transplantation and organ donation act in full context in all diversities of cases. But the arguments strength depends upon careful analysis of each of the cases keeping in mind all kinds of ha rms and benefits ; be it physical, emotional or financial pertaining to the donor, recipient, and / or their families. Argumentative views regarding the retrieval of an organ from a cadaver as being a part of the corpse or not is also an aspect that cannot be overlooked. The controversial role of Advanced Directives has led to two main questions: 1. Does one have legal rights over ones body? 2. If that is the case, then what exactly is wrong with even selling something that belongs to me? Another view held by many individuals is that, so what it is just an organ? People can sell their organs, which is supposedly their ownership, to gain financial benefits for their families. This again holds the view of providing benefit to many, without doing harm(as the removal of organ is done under anesthesia). But doesnt this promotes the evil of organ trafficking which would harm many poor population and weaker ones in the society. This consequentionalist approach is again challenged here. The chain of this reaction would eventually affect many people, be it a good end or a bad. The principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence can be advanced in the context of different issues: like the expertise available, the disclosure of all the possible outcomes and complications of the procedure, for the donor and the recipient, both medical and financial. The support that would be needed by the family and the prognosis of such advanced procedures should be looked into detail to benefit the patient and do no harm to the donor and the family members. The professional may have an influential role on the decision making. The autonomy of the patient is usually surrogated by the financial and moral obligation of the social setup. There is a strong need for a system to keep a check on the medical problems of certain disease transmission through non screened donor organs, the use of unskilled surgeons in removing the organ, organ trafficking and selling, the actual financial damages of the post operative chemotherapy and potential need for the failure of the graft or re-transplantation, the actual life expectancy even after the transplant of individual case etc. Every states constitution differs in some aspect to their religious and cultural norms, example, what ever is permissible in Germany is not accepted in many Muslim states, so the need for a definite, supreme, sovereign law cannot be denied. Conclusion Finding the ultimate law which would be unchallengeable and flawless is yet to be defined by the human nature. The unlimited limits of transedental laws and reasoning begins, where my horizons of imagination and limited reasoning ends. The noble act of organ donation should be encouraged only in the limits drawn by the Shariah rulings of the contemporary times in view of its divines as an act of saving the humankind and helping those who are suffering. It should be given prime importance that these rulings certainly apply to variations of case selection as well.

US Policy Failure: Unilateralism in a Global Environment :: Essays Papers

US Policy Failure: Unilateralism in a Global Environment IMPORTANCE OF MULTILATERALISM In the global age that we live in, it is unreasonable to think that a nation can independently face the complex diplomatic challenges that exist, yet the Bush administration has clearly demonstrated its intention to act unilaterally on a number of important issues, from worldwide security and terrorism to infectious disease and other environmental and humanitarian issues. Throughout the 1990’s, the United States relied primarily on a foreign policy based on multilateral efforts; however, signs of unilateralism began to emerge in 2002 with the planning of the Iraq War. (Levy) In an outline of the United States national security strategy, the current administration made it clear that it no longer felt bound by preexisting global agreements, and that it maintained the prerogative to defend itself from perceived threats even if the international community did not believe such threats were legitimate enough to necessitate action. While the United States will constantly strive to enlist the support of the international community, we will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self-defense by acting preemptively...Today humanity holds in its hands the opportunity to further freedom's triumph over all these foes. The United States welcomes our responsibility to lead in this great mission. But our responsibility to history is clear: to answer these attacks and rid the world of evil. (The National Security Strategy of the United States (2002), p 6, preface, and p 5) Aside from violating the charter of the UN, unilateral preemption is simply not a sound national security policy. There are many advantages inherent to multilateralism that are not possible under a unilateral approach, such as the assurance of participation by all in the management of world affairs, and the legitimacy that it provides, particularly when it comes to matters regarding the use of force or the establishment of universal norms. Also, the complexity of global politics presents a serious challenge to the use of US power. In spite of its incredible military superiority, the United States is dependent on support from allies when it operates abroad. Geographically strategic position gives weak states and advantage when the United States is seeking access to military positions, further stressing the necessity of maintaining good relationships with other countries. In accordance with its apparent wishes, the United States government finds itself alone in its belief in unilateralism; most other governments understand the importance of multilateralism, citing its importance to effectively dealing with issues of Global priority.

Teenagers of Today’s World Have a Better School Life Than Their Parents Had When They Were at School

I hear my father often saying to me that we, the children of the present age, enjoy more freedom than they did when they were children. I admit to myself, perhaps it is true. If we require anything, for personal use or for school purposes, our parents buy them without hesitation. They love to get us things we demand. Today, it is a very, very ordinary thing to find a school going teenager talking into a smart-looking cell phone, or browsing internet, looking for scholarships or other academic centre where s/he wants to go for studies in future. A growing child dresses well, goes out with her/his parents to swanky restaurants to dine, travels once or twice a year and has her/his birthdays celebrated ritually every year. Actually, these days, being the apples of the eyes of their parents, children will lack nothing that they can afford. All very well for the children of today. If we consider the above examples, some of us may agree that the children of our present day are indeed fortunate. But, consider the issue a little bit deeper. Are there actually roses, roses all the way for the growing children like us? Let us look around us, how the world is taking shape, how everything is changing. We can no longer be like the children of yester years, with a free mind and body, playing to our heart’s content, remaining childlike. With the exception of a few holidays every day in our life is bound to a regimental routine. We have to get up early in the morning, prepare ourselves for school, and come back in the afternoon. In the evening, it is homework time and time for the preparation for the umpteen examinations. In between the daily routine, we have to go to learn and acquire new skills, how to draw how to dance well and recite, how to compute like a professional and how to swim gracefully. Then there are more for others. Some go to learn playing tennis or chess, cricket or soccer, badminton or basketball. All this, we are taught, is for a successful life afterwards. We cannot hope to get admission in any reputed institute later on unless we score a certain percentage of marks in our board examination. Even after that, we have to appear for a tough merit test to acquire a seat in the institute. Our parents stake high hopes on us that we would bring luck in our family become someone to be proud of. Now, is it not a challenge we face everyday? A modern child has to face challenges everywhere. Security and love of the family cannot protect her from the competitive world. The on going onslaught of being left behind is always lurking. We always have to be up and get going. It is always study time. Would some one please explain why all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy?

Code of the Street Essay

The introduction chapter first explains the different types of neighborhoods that the city of Philadelphia has and each of the risks that go along with each neighborhood. Some of the neighborhoods are predominantly white, some are racially mixed, and some are predominately black. In the white-middle class neighborhoods, the neighborhood farthest away from the core downtown area, there is little crime and upscale restaurants and stores. In the racially mixed neighborhood the blacks and whites tend to get along but the whites are still aware that blacks are around. In the black neighborhoods public decency gets little respect. The author explains a story about a women stopping her car in the middle of the street and nobody says a word or beeps a horn. This is because nobody wants to start an uproar or see the women’s wrath. â€Å"This way, the code of the street provides an element of social organization and actually lessens the probability of violence. Code of the Street The main problems in the inner-black communities, is the interpersonal violence and aggression. This aggression and violence is the result from the lack of jobs, limited public services, the stigma of race, the fallout from rampant drug use, and drug trafficking on the streets. The street culture has evolved a â€Å"code of the street†, which amounts to a set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, particularly violence. In the code of the streets everything is revolved around respect. With respect, people have peace and security in public. The respect needed in a city like Philadelphia can cause people to do wrong things, but respect is needed to live in a city like Philadelphia. Chapter 1 Decent and Street Families The beginning of chapter one explains that â€Å"decent† and â€Å"street† labels is the result of a social contest among individuals and families of the neighborhood. Even though a person might be a â€Å"decent†, that person might act like a â€Å"street†. Even though a person might be a â€Å"street† that person might act like a â€Å"decent†. This action is called code switching. Decent teenagers are more often engage in code switching. This is because decent  people don’t get the same respect as â€Å"street† people on the streets of Philadelphia. This causes decent people to do the same actions of street people. Street people pride themselves on living the thug life. These people are usually highly intelligent but lack the education needed. The street people tend to embrace the street code to the max and will live and die on the street. Decent Families From what I took from that section of the chapter is that decent families from the inner cities pride themselves on being like middle class nuclear families. The decent family prides themselves on working hard and making do with what they have. The decent family saves their money for material things. The decent family instills a sense of responsibility in its younger members. Most decent families have the father still living with them. The father is usually the head of the household and sets rules for his children. He is a very strict man trying to keep his children away from the street life. Street Families The street family lives by the code of the street. These families have very little resources compared to the decent family. The lives of street-oriented families are usually disorganized. Bills are usually unpaid but instead money will be spent on drugs, cigarettes, and liquor. Street families are usually considered to be lowlifes or bad people and are seen as a bad influence on the community. The kids of street families have it the hardest. These kids usually live in homes of crack addict mothers and drug dealing fathers. The kids learn from their parents and tend to grow up to be the same things. This is an example of the social learning theory. This is a prime example because the kids are learning this from the parents and then go on to do the same things their parents are doing. It is usually a cycle until someone in the family breaks it. Chapter 2 Campaigning for Respect This chapter in my opinion is the most important chapter in the book. The code of the streets is all about respect. Everything a person does on the streets is all for respect. Without respect the person will not be able to  survive on the streets. â€Å"Respect becomes critical for staying out of harm’s way.† To get respect on the streets a person might fight for it. Much of the code has to do with achieving and holding respect. The Social Shuffle The first chapter talked about decent kids trying to act like street kids, this section of the chapter is all about that. Decent kids grow up with street kids and the street kids usually bully the decent kids. To get respect the decent kids are typically fighting for respect so they are not bullied. â€Å"As a means for survival having a â€Å"name,† a reputation for being willing and able to fight is a way to get respect among peers.† The Self-Image Based on Juice Juice is a term in the streets that refers that there are no guarantees against challenges, because there are always people around looking for a fight in order to increase their share of respect. In the streets the right look can get a person respected. Physical appearance and clothes plays an important role in respect. If a person does not have the right clothes to fit it a way to get those materialist things is by taking possessions. The School as a Staging Area In class we learned that a young age kids get labeled. This label can be carried all the way through high school. In the code of the street I learned that even though the decent kids are good kids they would act like the label that gives them respect instead of the good label that they are. In Philadelphia most kids don’t take school seriously. To accept school would give in act white, to give up the value of the street for some other thing. This shows weakness and does not give respect on the street. Chapter 3 Drugs, Violence, and Street Crime Drugs and crime go hand and hand. The more drugs on the street the more crime is being committed. The same thing goes for jobs and education. The better education a person has, the more chance of a person finding a job. Kids from the inner city are pretty much are set to fail. The inner cities usually have poor education systems resulting in kids not having the proper  education to find a decent paying job. This is forcing kids to go into the streets and dealing drugs. This results in more crime for the cities. If cities would give kids a proper education then there would be less drugs, violence, and crime. This section in my opinion is the strain theory. The social structure around the children pressures them into committing street crimes. Chapter 4 The Mating Game The sentence that stood out to me the most in this chapter was â€Å"a street-oriented young man may rationalize his marriage as a â€Å"trap† into which the women has lured him.† The fact that young girls want to get pregnant at a young age to keep their baby daddy’s around is crazy to me. In society it is hard to afford a child when the person has a well-paying job. When an inner city child has a child that kid is set up to fail. The Baby Club The section of this chapter talks about how girls have the dream of a â€Å"good life† and to have that â€Å"good life† it is necessary to have a baby. It is the â€Å"cool† thing to have a baby in the inner city, as the book says. The girls have social clubs and peer groups that give social support for having a baby at a young age. In the inner city it was an accessory to have a baby and to have the coolest accessory, there was a need to get the baby decked out in the coolest/hippest clothes. This is an example of ration choice theory. Even though rational choice was not to have a child, the lack of emotion for the father and child caused the person to have a kid. Chapter 5 The Decent Daddy The Decent Daddy is someone that is respected in the neighborhood and in the household. This person is a true man. He respects his wife and provides for his kids. The wellbeing for his family is his main priority. In the inner city of Philadelphia there are not many of these people. In the inner city it is all about the game and money, and less about the family. This chapter showed many examples of decent men in the inner city and all the men cared about their family more than the street life. I believe if there were more men like this in the inner city this would be a positive example of a social learning theory. In class we talked mostly about how it is a negative  aspect of sociology, but this is a circumstance that it can be a positive. Chapter 7 John Turner’s Story The whole entire time I was reading John Turner’s story I was thinking â€Å"is the author trying to make us feel bad for this guy.† I did not feel bad at all for John Turner because if he didn’t bring that gun to solve a dispute he wouldn’t be in this situation. He got himself in this situation. From what the author said, John Turner was a big guy and more than likely could have defended himself without the need of a gun. John had many struggles after his day in court. He had a job, went to jail, started dealing drugs, found another job, and then lost the job. John wanted a life that was socially acceptable but his life in the streets altered those views. In class we learned about culture. It is the set of norms and values passed down from generation to generation in society. The code of the street is like cancer. It the code is in their genes and gets passed down from generation to generation. Conclusion: The Conversion of a Role Model Robert was very respected on the streets for his gang like mentality but got locked up in jail. In jail he learned that the hustle in the streets is not a good way of life. When he got out of jail, Robert started his own hotdog stand business. People on the streets recongnized that he was doing well in his life without committing criminal acts. The code of the streets is still in Roberts mind but he does not have to live by the code of the streets. My Honest opinion of the Book I feel like this book repeated itself way too much. I am a criminal justice major and have taken a gangs class and a lot of what I learned about in that class was in this book. The author could have saved 300 pages of paper by just writing the last sentence of the conclusion. â€Å"Unless serious efforts are made to address this problem and the cycle is broke, attitudes on both sides will become increasingly hardened, and alienation and violence, which claim victims black and white, poor and affluent, will likely worsen.†

Free Essays on Ghosts And Poltergiests

What is the difference between hauntings and poltergeists? Some people might think there really isn’t a difference. The difference is that hauntings are spirits of deceased human beings that appear frequently in a certain place. Poltergeists are a more physical version of ghosts. Poltergeists meaning â€Å"noisy ghost† in German is exactly what it sound like. Poltergeists will scream, throw objects, and make noises such as rapping or taps to make their presence known. In other cases poltergeists have been linked to demons. Most hauntings are usually related to a specific place or tragic death. The differences between poltergeist activity and hauntings are hard to distinguish, but in different situations it is noticeable. Haunting activities are continuous over time, concentrated in the same area. While poltergeists activities seem to disappear for a time period and come back. Examples of both poltergeists and hauntings can be found in the history of the Borley Rectory a nd the Tower of London, two very old English building with traumatic and dramatic supernatural histories. The Tower of London is known world-wide for its bloody history and the royalty that have walked through the halls of the building. Although you might imagine the tower to be big it is merely the size of a four story house. It is where the crown jewels are kept, including the Star of Africa, which is the largest diamond in the world. The Tower has a long and gruesome history. More than a dozen people were executed and it is said to be one of the â€Å"most haunted places in England†. The tower is overflowing with paranormal activity, especially ghosts. The most famous ghost is Anne Boleyn. She was the â€Å"most celebrated of the wives of Henry VIII† She was beheaded in 1536 on the Tower Green. Her ghost is usually seen both on the Green and in the Chapel Royal which is located in the White Tower. It is there in the chapel where one of the sightings of her spirits w... Free Essays on Ghosts And Poltergiests Free Essays on Ghosts And Poltergiests What is the difference between hauntings and poltergeists? Some people might think there really isn’t a difference. The difference is that hauntings are spirits of deceased human beings that appear frequently in a certain place. Poltergeists are a more physical version of ghosts. Poltergeists meaning â€Å"noisy ghost† in German is exactly what it sound like. Poltergeists will scream, throw objects, and make noises such as rapping or taps to make their presence known. In other cases poltergeists have been linked to demons. Most hauntings are usually related to a specific place or tragic death. The differences between poltergeist activity and hauntings are hard to distinguish, but in different situations it is noticeable. Haunting activities are continuous over time, concentrated in the same area. While poltergeists activities seem to disappear for a time period and come back. Examples of both poltergeists and hauntings can be found in the history of the Borley Rectory a nd the Tower of London, two very old English building with traumatic and dramatic supernatural histories. The Tower of London is known world-wide for its bloody history and the royalty that have walked through the halls of the building. Although you might imagine the tower to be big it is merely the size of a four story house. It is where the crown jewels are kept, including the Star of Africa, which is the largest diamond in the world. The Tower has a long and gruesome history. More than a dozen people were executed and it is said to be one of the â€Å"most haunted places in England†. The tower is overflowing with paranormal activity, especially ghosts. The most famous ghost is Anne Boleyn. She was the â€Å"most celebrated of the wives of Henry VIII† She was beheaded in 1536 on the Tower Green. Her ghost is usually seen both on the Green and in the Chapel Royal which is located in the White Tower. It is there in the chapel where one of the sightings of her spirits w...

Free Essays on Discipline Problems

â€Å"How to Create Discipline Problems† As an educator, one would ideally be able to focus on giving students the tools to access knowledge. However, educators deal with children, who grow up under the care of their teachers. So, besides subject matter, teachers are charged with the duty of teaching children behaviors. And sometimes, instead of encouraging proper behavior, educators sometimes mistakenly encourage discipline problems with ineffective punishments or behaviors of their own. In Wasickso and Ross’s article, common mistakes of educators in discipline are given, as long as many effective solutions. The article is opened with a list of ways to effectively encourage discipline problems. (For the teacher who feels they don’t have enough on their plate already.) But what follows is truly a helpful guide to classroom management. My reaction will focus on three particular pieces of advice: â€Å"Expect the best from kids,† â€Å"Know each student well,† and â€Å"Treat students with love and respect.† If an educator expects little out of their students, the children will perform just at that expectation. It is a human flaw to work just as much as needed, and do what is needed for the bare minimum. Teachers have a responsibility to show children that the bare minimum, while it may be enough, is not the best. If they put forth the extra effort, they ought to receive a reward, be it extra-credit, extra recess, or special privileges. This thought goes hand in hand with discipline. If a teacher expects her children to misbehave, they will sense this expectation and perform accordingly. However, if a teacher expects a high behavioral pattern, and expresses this adequately, and also provides rewards for meeting this expectation, children will live up to this expectation, or at least put forth an effort to do so. And how does an educator set their expectations for classroom behavior without knowing their students? I... Free Essays on Discipline Problems Free Essays on Discipline Problems â€Å"How to Create Discipline Problems† As an educator, one would ideally be able to focus on giving students the tools to access knowledge. However, educators deal with children, who grow up under the care of their teachers. So, besides subject matter, teachers are charged with the duty of teaching children behaviors. And sometimes, instead of encouraging proper behavior, educators sometimes mistakenly encourage discipline problems with ineffective punishments or behaviors of their own. In Wasickso and Ross’s article, common mistakes of educators in discipline are given, as long as many effective solutions. The article is opened with a list of ways to effectively encourage discipline problems. (For the teacher who feels they don’t have enough on their plate already.) But what follows is truly a helpful guide to classroom management. My reaction will focus on three particular pieces of advice: â€Å"Expect the best from kids,† â€Å"Know each student well,† and â€Å"Treat students with love and respect.† If an educator expects little out of their students, the children will perform just at that expectation. It is a human flaw to work just as much as needed, and do what is needed for the bare minimum. Teachers have a responsibility to show children that the bare minimum, while it may be enough, is not the best. If they put forth the extra effort, they ought to receive a reward, be it extra-credit, extra recess, or special privileges. This thought goes hand in hand with discipline. If a teacher expects her children to misbehave, they will sense this expectation and perform accordingly. However, if a teacher expects a high behavioral pattern, and expresses this adequately, and also provides rewards for meeting this expectation, children will live up to this expectation, or at least put forth an effort to do so. And how does an educator set their expectations for classroom behavior without knowing their students? I...

The Point Sample Method of Timber Cruising

The Point Sample Method of Timber Cruising Ed. Note: The first essential step toward selling timber or timberland is an inventory. It is a necessary step which enables the seller to set a realistic price on both the wood and the land. The inventory and methods used to determine volumes are also used between sales to make silvicultural and management decisions. Here is the equipment you need, the cruising procedure and how to calculate the cruise. This report is based on an article written by Ron Wenrich. Ron is a sawmill consultant and has extensive knowledge on how to inventory your forest using the point sampling method. All links included were chosen by the editor. Equipment For a timber cruise, other equipment besides the angle gauge will be needed. Some like to do a systematic cruise where plots are taken at regular intervals throughout the stand. In addition to an angle gauge, a compass, and a property map, something to accurately determine diameter should be taken along. Plots Each plot will represent a 1/10 acre sample. Its a good idea to do a 10% sample and take point samples at 200 ft intervals. This is a little better than a 10% cruise, but it is easy to plot on a map and is easy to locate on the ground. For a 10% sample, every acre will need 1 plot. A 5% cruise can be taken by taking point samples at 300 ft intervals. There is no need to run cruise lines through fields or other treeless areas. It is also best to cruise when leaves are not a factor - spring and fall are best. Each plot will take about 5 to 10 minutes to locate and record, depending on conditions of both the area and the cruiser. Paces For point location, use a compass and pace system. But before starting it is important to know how many paces you take to make 100 ft. To do this, measure 100 ft on a level surface. Simply walk the distance to find how many paces it takes to complete 100 ft. (some people use 66 ft. or a chain to compute their grid using a chain length). When pacing it is important to remember that you are measuring level distances. On slopes, you will have to take a few more paces to find your level point. The more severe the slope, the more paces that are necessary. Brushy conditions will also make it necessary to slip a few paces, since your gait will be altered. Walking downhill will cause your gait to be longer, so not as many paces will be needed to compensate as walking uphill. Accuracy is not a factor in plot location, so if youre off, it wont impact your results. Point Samples Before the cruise, you will need to establish where your points are to be placed. Make a map of the property or you can use aerial photos. From a known starting point that can be found on the ground, start to run north-south and east-west lines in a grid at every 200 ft. for a 10% sample. Where the lines intersect is where the point samples are to be taken. Successive plots do not have to be all in one line. Turning to get a plot is helpful and should be used where there are natural obstacles, such as wet areas, etc. For the actual cruise, it may be useful to take some sort of staff along to keep track of your plot center. Ribbon can also be used. I always take it down when done with the plot. Cruising Starting at your known point, run your line to your first point. Along the way, you can mark on your map, anything that is of notice, such as a stream, road, fence, or timber type change. This will help if you are making a type map or are writing a management report. At the first point, take your angle gauge and count the number of trees that fall into your plot. For each plot, take note of each counted tree by species, diameter, and merchantable height. Diameters should be tallied by 2 diameter classes. Tree form may also be noted. Any pertinent information should be noted before moving on to your next plot. Also note any trees that you would remove at each point. This can be used as a preliminary cruise for harvesting. Keep each plot information separate. After all the lines are run, you will have a complete map of your property. Just connect where roads, fences and other occurrences intersect. Ronald D. Wenrich is a sawmill management consultant from Jonestown, Pennsylvania, USA. This Penn State graduate has logged timber, inspected treated forest products, been a mill foreman, procured wood, and is now a sawmilling specialist and consultant.

Annoted Bibliography on STIs Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Annoted Bibliography on STIs - Literature review Example In this important countrywide rule document, sexual health remains termed as one of six vital considerations, and the HDA prove summarizations chosen like the origin of data on efficient interventions. During 2005, DH compiled the action arrangement Delivering selecting health, which fixes vital aims around STIs, rolling out Chlamydia screening and access to genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics inside 48 hours. During 2005, the HDA merged with the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), to make the current National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence and maintained the short form NICE (Masters, 2013:194). The latest institution progresses with the dedication to construct on the proof foundation in public health. In the process of the State’s progressive dedication to sexual health and HIV, and the need to base STI control in precise proof, it remained seen important to review the 2004 Evidence Briefing to make sure that the major current update stage proof r emains accessible for arranging services and increasing the sexual health of the people. NICE proof briefings account on reviews of reviews, rarely termed to as tertiary stage study. They constitute contextual descriptions of the advantages and disadvantages of the proof from reviews, spotting of loopholes in the proof, a breakdown of forthcoming major and minor study requirements, and a debate of the effects of the proof for rule and practice (Peate, 2010:6). Summary Article 1: Policy During 2001, the DH authored the initial National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV. This established five major purposes, together with minimizing the spread of STIs with a countrywide objective of a 25% minimization in lately gonorrhea diseases by 2007, thus lowering dominance of undiagnosed STIs and lowering disgrace related with STIs. In addition, after this, the white paper Choosing Health: making healthy choices easier, constituted sexual wellbeing as one of its main privileges. This has motiva ted a re-energized dedication to deal with sexual disease health, and extra materials have remained offered for acting as such. In the doing arrangement, the State stipulated its goals to increase sexual health services in a latest $300m schedule for the coming three years (Carroll, 2004:340). Article 2: Epidemiology The examination of STIs depends on GUM clinicians accounting for increased figures of chosen states by gender and age, and for a few states, if matters in men are heterosexual of from intercourse between men. These remain delivered quarterly on KC60 forms. Whereas there exists disadvantages of the scheme, it is a precise origin of information on behaviors. Further contextual data remains looked for from extra studies, like the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) study to examine objection to gonorrhea cure and facilitated examination of occurrences of before exceptional diseases like syphilis and lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV). There a re recently two current vaccines under review, both of which focus to cover versus the two mini-kinds that lead to warts. Detectives of genital warts rose by 3.1% between 2005 and 2006. During 2005, 50% of detectives remained in heterosexual men, 47% in females, and 3% in men who have intercourse with men (MSM)

Stamp Act Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stamp Act - Term Paper Example Today, Americans may have forgotten this important period on their journey to freedom, but the fact remains that without Stamp Act, the American Sons of Liberty and other freedom-fighters may not have gotten an opportunity to launch attacks against their colonist. The British claimed victory in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) that was fought against the European powers of those days. It was a typical polarizing war that pitted Great Britain, Prussia and a group of German states (small in size) against nations like Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony that formed a staunch military alliance during that period (Morgan et al. 1995, 20-28). However, Britain has spent a lot on this war which seemed to have taken a huge toll on the colonist’s finances. Reportedly, British national debts had doubled by the time the war was concluded (Morgan et al.1995, 21). Apart from this issue, Britain also worried about how to source finances to keep so many soldiers that had fought in the war, many of whom have political links to the parliament. The fears of not wishing to see the soldiers become jobless and not knowing how to fund their continued engagement had forced Britain to come up with a strange method of financial The British Parliament, in 1765 eventually came up with the Stamp Act to source funds to finance the continued existence of its military contingent in North America by imposing taxes on printed materials, which include but not limited to newspapers, legal documents, magazines, and several other papers used in the colonies (Morgan et al. 1995, 80-95). The general acceptance given to this Act by British two arms of Parliament (House of Lords and House of Commons) revealed that Great Britain had seen this Act as the solution to its crippling financial situation at that time (Murrin et al. 2007, 187). The Parliament did not perceive anything wrong in this approach as it deemed it the appropriate way to find the money to solve its

Written Report for Professor in Chem Department (new gas-phase ion Essay

Written Report for Professor in Chem Department (new gas-phase ion chemistry and mass spectrometric ) - Essay Example In 1999, she received an outstanding Graduate award of Lanzhou University and consequently the same award at the Chinese Academy in 2002. In 2012 at Purdue University, she received a Research foundation faculty international grant. Finally, for her mastery in mass spectrometry, the American society honored her with Mass Spectrometry Research Award (Chem.purdue.edu). On joining Purdue, professor Yu had little information with the use of instrumentation, but quickly she gained mastery of the sophisticated apparatus. Professor Xia, a daughter of high-school chemistry teacher developed her interest in chemistry early life and was further influenced by her father. Her enthusiasm is evident in several interviews whereby she states that she always aspired to be a chemistry researcher and the PdD training proved a genuine pathway to success. She further acknowledges that she always wanted to be a researcher and chemistry Purdue chemistry program is very reputable. (Chem.purdue.edu). Professor Yu’s research focal point is on generating new ways for analyzing carbohydrates and proteins using mass spectrometry and new gas-phase ion chemistry. This bio-analysis process aims to utilize radical reactions as an approach to exploring radical ion chemistry. Her interest and that of the group is to develop tools for bio-molecular structural clarification through instrumentation, bio-radical chemistry and MS method of development. Through instrumentation, Xia and group develop mass spectrometry systems for executing bimolecular reactions in both a linear trap and plume sections of nano-electrospray source. These ranges of apparatus enable research transition from the radical attack study of biomolecules to the analytical study (Chem.purdue.edu). In terms of bio-radical chemistry, radical ions can be formed in the gas phase on principle of radical reactions.

Comparative Analysis of Empolyee's Job Satisfaction in Pakistani Banks Essay

Comparative Analysis of Empolyee's Job Satisfaction in Pakistani Banks - Essay Example This paper endeavors to find out the level of employees job satisfaction among three of the Pakistans top commercial banks by conducting the research survey and performing statistical techniques to judge the correlation and level of significance for the factor. Work has also been done to find out those factors which are resulting in satisfaction or dissatisfaction among the employees. Employees satisfaction has become one of the important fundamental rules to become successful in this highly competitive business environment for any organization. In a country like Pakistan, there is special need to identify the level of employees job satisfaction especially in growing sector of banking. Three leading commercial banks with different branches have been chosen for the research survey of employees satisfaction. For the purpose of this research, 100 respondents were randomly selected from different branches of banks in Lahore. Overall, the results have been found positive as far as job satisfaction among the employees is concerned. Most of the employees are satisfied working for these banks, satisfied with attitude of management, satisfied with their supervisors etc. Salary packages and other benefits are the factors in which employees are dissatisfied. This dissertation also contains the comparative analysis of employees job satisfaction among those banks. The different aspect of this dissertation is that this kind of research has never been conducted before related with these domestic banks in Pakistan. The following dissertation outlines the literature review, aims, methodology, empirical research analysis and finally containing the conclusion and some useful recommendation. In this chapter, a general description of the background of our field of study and the developments taking place in the field, followed by the problems will be discussed. Then, we will explain the aims and objectives of the dissertation. The business world has changed and

Getting from college to career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting from college to career - Essay Example tting from college to career†, there are a number of things that an individual can do in order to ensure that success in one’s career is started from an early time (Lindsey, 97). In this essay, I am going to discuss four of the many steps that are in the book, which I have tried and in my experience go way forward towards ensuring that my future is well secure. An application letter or curriculum vitae contains all the information about an individual, from the name, address, personal and academic achievements and also other attachments. It is written to where one is seeking for an employment chances, and is considered vital towards employment. I have written several application letters to different organizations. I got the reply from some, while in others I did not. Upon realizing my mistakes, I redrafted my application letters and applied again, this time with impressive results. Preparing one’s application letter is important, and language has to be considered when writing an application letter. Caution has to be taken in order not to make the language sound demanding or too shallow for the employers’ liking (Lindsey, 97). An informational interview involves a job seeker inquiring for occupation and also industry advice from an individual or individuals instead of asking for employment. With that kind of an interview, I have been capable to gather information on detailed fields. It has also led me to prospective employers whom I can ask for employment from. I choose this as an important aspect in my career life since it has broadened my search and has opened new opportunities. By making the most out of informational interviews, my professional network will be expanded and this will give rise to new opportunities thus career growth (Lindsey, 99). This has helped a lot of people, whereby one becomes involved with school alumni association groups in order to disseminate themselves with others (Lindsey, 107). This in turn creates a networking between the

Does the mixture of debt and equity in a firm's financial structure Essay

Does the mixture of debt and equity in a firm's financial structure matter Why - Essay Example Primarily the equity shares are issued at ‘Par value’ but subsequent issues are made at premium. The company can finance its capital and revenue expenditure through the issuance of these shares or through its internally generated funds. The shareholder’s equity, as presented in the statement of financial position, comprises of retained earnings and issued and subscribed shares. Retained earnings are the accumulated profits from the period the company was incepted. These retained earnings or internally generated accumulated funds can also be utilized by the company in financing its assets. Debts are classified into current and non-current. Current debts include items such as accounts payable, accruals etc which arise in the normal course of business and pertain to company’s day to day operations. In order to understand the impact of debt in the capital structure of a company, it is imperative that the company should clearly get acquainted with the concept of debt. There is no universal agreement between the financial analysts all across the corporate sector when it comes to identifying what constitute a debt. It is considered a general notion that the long term debt as appearing in the balance sheet of the company constitutes the debt in the capital structure of the company. However, this definition of debt is way too broad and it includes the credits and short term overdraft of the company as well. The impact of debt on the capital structure can be analyzed from two different perspectives of financial accounting and financial management. Educated investors only invests in companies analyze several ratios such as current ratio, quick ratio and debt to equity ratio. Current ratio is quite important from the investor’s perspective as it tells the state of liquidity of the company and would it be able to pay off its long term debts in the future. The most commonly used liquidity ratio, the current ratio, which is calculated by comp aring the current assets and current liabilities. The strengthened the current ratio the more ability the company has to pay its debts and short term obligations over the next 12 months. The asset test, which is also regarded as the quick ratio, is calculated by subtracting the inventory balance from the total current assert balance. Out of the current assets mentioned, inventories are regarded as the one which takes comparatively more time to be converted into cash or cash equivalent. The gearing ratios indicate the level of risk taken by a company as a result of its capital structure. These ratios are a great source of determining the level of financial risk to which the company is exposed and thus helps in reducing it to the optimum. The equity ratio indicates how much of the entity’s assets are financed through the finances generated through the revenue generated from the operations of the entity and raising financing through equity issue rather than acquiring debts or ot her financial institution. In addition to the above, the cost of raising funds in the form of loan acquired from the bank or financial institutions is substantially less as compared to the cost of raising financing through shares or bonds. The cost of raising equity comprises of printing of shares, cost of listing the equity shares on the stock market

Getting from college to career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Getting from college to career - Essay Example tting from college to career†, there are a number of things that an individual can do in order to ensure that success in one’s career is started from an early time (Lindsey, 97). In this essay, I am going to discuss four of the many steps that are in the book, which I have tried and in my experience go way forward towards ensuring that my future is well secure. An application letter or curriculum vitae contains all the information about an individual, from the name, address, personal and academic achievements and also other attachments. It is written to where one is seeking for an employment chances, and is considered vital towards employment. I have written several application letters to different organizations. I got the reply from some, while in others I did not. Upon realizing my mistakes, I redrafted my application letters and applied again, this time with impressive results. Preparing one’s application letter is important, and language has to be considered when writing an application letter. Caution has to be taken in order not to make the language sound demanding or too shallow for the employers’ liking (Lindsey, 97). An informational interview involves a job seeker inquiring for occupation and also industry advice from an individual or individuals instead of asking for employment. With that kind of an interview, I have been capable to gather information on detailed fields. It has also led me to prospective employers whom I can ask for employment from. I choose this as an important aspect in my career life since it has broadened my search and has opened new opportunities. By making the most out of informational interviews, my professional network will be expanded and this will give rise to new opportunities thus career growth (Lindsey, 99). This has helped a lot of people, whereby one becomes involved with school alumni association groups in order to disseminate themselves with others (Lindsey, 107). This in turn creates a networking between the

Regeneration of Cartilage and Tendons in the Upper Extremities Dissertation

Regeneration of Cartilage and Tendons in the Upper Extremities - Dissertation Example Their research helped them establish that there are three main elements in tissue engineering and regeneration: sufficient cell numbers within the defect, access to differentiation factors, cell carrier or matrix which fills the defect and allows cell proliferation (Gao et.al., 2007). This study was able to indicate that cell regeneration of cartilage in the upper extremities is only apparent with stem cells in adult somatic tissues which can differentiate into various lineages of experimental conditions. In critically evaluating the research methods and content of this study, it is apparent to note that the topic chosen is very much significant and relevant in the current orthopedic practice, especially where this practice has yet to establish clear and effective cartilage and tendon regeneration. Unlike bones which often have mechanisms of quality regeneration in place, the authors focused their study on the regeneration of cartilage. The results of the study were very much support ed by their tables and by the literature review they presented. Moreover, the conclusions were drawn based on the logical evaluation of results as well as the discussion of variables. The limitations of the study were discussed, mostly in relation to the small population covered which also limited the generalized applicability of the results. Difficulties in regeneration of the cartilage has also been discussed by Scheibel et.al. (2004) where the authors carried out osteochondral autologous transplantations from the knee joints to the shoulder on eight patient respondents. Standard assessment measures were applied to the patients. After about 32 months from the transplantations, regeneration was seen in the cartilage indicating osseointegration of the osteochondral plugs and alignment of cartilage at the transplantation site. This study revealed that osteochondral autologous transplants in the shoulders offer viable options for lesions in the cartilage at the glenohumeral joints. Th e results of this study are very much related to previous studies on the subject matter in terms of the benefits of autologous transplantations for cartilage. The variables of the study were sufficiently explained and specified; however, limitations of the study were on the application of ethical research practices which the authors did not specify. It is difficult to gauge the application of confidentiality as well as informed consent without the authors specifying such applications within their text. The methods of the study are nevertheless replicable and repeatable for future studies and for future reference. Funakoshi et.al. (2006) carried out their experiment on tendon regeneration at the shoulders in their study where their subjects were rabbits. They experimented on 21 rabbits in order to evaluate the feasibility of nonwoven chitin fabrics in the acellular matrix rotator cuff regeneration. The subjects were assessed on the cellular level at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks following surgery and intervention. The authors were able to establish the value of grafted shoulders on subjects, which exhibited type III collagen regenerated tissues. In other words, using chitin fabric as an acellular matrix helped the regeneration of the tendons in the shoulder area. This study also supports the notion which was already forwarded by previous studies where cellular regeneration on cartilage and tendons can be difficult, but can be made

Reflective Essay on Coping with Stress

Reflective Essay on Coping with Stress Psychology can be defined as the study of behavior as well as mind, embracing all aspects of the entire human experience. In other words, it is an applied science discipline that seeks to understand humans along with groups by ascertaining general principles as well as researching specific cases. On the other hand, psychological adjustment is the process of adapting to, coping with, as well as managing the emerging challenges of the daily life. Adjusting to your life in terms of subjective well-being, Subjective well-being is an individuals perceptions as well as self-adjustments of health and well-being (Webb Wills, 2012). It entails a persons feeling of happiness and life satisfaction. With regard to my life, I can say that I am satisfied with my subjective well-being. However, since I am a veteran, I think that the veterans administration needs to be more attentive when it comes to veterans healthcare for me to be extremely satisfied with this adjustment facet. Context on its part is the historical, social, economic, and cultural factors as well as settings that influence our lives. I am able to adjust to different contexts effectively and for that case; everything I think, say, and do is often colored by where I come from, whom I am with, and what is happening at the moment. Besides, diversity entails different cultures and ethnic settings. On this part, I am culturally competent, and therefore I can adjust well in diverse settings. Balancing Priorities Balancing my priorities, specifically with home, work, school, recreation, and / or family has to be an ongoing plan. I am a student and at the same time, set aside time for working in order to pay my bills. I also need enough time for my family alongside recreation. All this might not be possible, with the limited resources in our disposal. To that effect, I have an effective work-life balance that adequately enables me to follow my daily schedule according to plan. In this case, I ensure that I give attention to my most pressing needs and demands at home, work, school, and even recreation. Of course I give more attention to work and school since these priorities are so fundamental to my prospective economic stability. However, each day I must devote my free time to my family and for recreation activities in order to keep fit. Developing Identity I develop my identity by raising my self-esteem along with establishing a unique self-concept that enables me to stand out in different ethnic platforms.ÂÂ   In review, self-esteem is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude towards the self, whereby; it reflects an individuals subjective emotional evaluation of his/her own worth (Fennell, 2009). I have been able to develop my self-esteem effectively through constant practice. In addition, self-concept is the sense of being distinct and separate from others as well as the persistency of the self. Here, I have fully developed myself concept by having my own unique way of doing things. I always come out with thought provoking ideas that are based on my own analysis and perception of life, something that helps me develop my self-concept. Ethnicity is often rooted in cultural heritage, race, nationality, language, and religion. I often adjust to different ethnic groups by being culturally competent. Coping with Stress Stress is a reaction to a stimulus that distracts an individuals physical or mental equilibrium (Tummers, 2013). I often cope with stress by engaging in relaxing activities, or practicing calming techniques, that help to manage my stress and improve my overall coping. Besides, among my coping strategies include; being proactive, following my interests, and seeking out peer support from others that I am loved and cared for, esteemed and valued (Taylor, 2003). Improving my social skills, asking for help, and always learning from mistakes. When its all said and done, I do believe that I have a more optimistic outlook on life to a point, but not over exaggerated. References Fennell, M. J. V. (2009). Overcoming low self-esteem: A self-help guide using Cognitive Behavioural Techniques. Australia: Accessible Publishing Systems. Tummers, N. (2013). Stress management: A wellness approach. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Taylor, S(2003). Social psychology (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Webb, D., Wills, H. E. (2012). Subjective well-being and security. Dordrecht: Springer.

The Significance of the Title of The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Significance of the Title of The Sun Also Rises A good title is one of the most important elements of a book. A good title can hint at the theme and is something to keep in mind while reading a book itself. A very effective title is one that teases the reader, makes him ponder over its meaning and relationship to the book. One such book/title is The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway. The title suggests an importance of time and a cyclical motif. Yet it also has a hopeful tone, focusing more on beginnings than on endings. There are many cycles in the book and one of the most evident is that of Lady Brett Ashley and men. Brett has affairs with Cohn and Romero in the course of the book. In both cases there is a process of wooing, acceptance, and eventual rejection that takes place. It is also suggested that having affairs is a common practice for her, making that a cycle in and of itself. The idea of cycles is also evident in a more ritualized form through the bull fighting and the Catholicism. Bull fighting is a very stylized affair that is mentioned throughout the whole book. Catholicism is also very ritualistic and is concerned with a religious cycle of life, death, and resurrection. Both add to the cycle motif Hemingway creates. One of the best examples of cycles and the passage of time is the contrast of Romero and Belmonte. Belmonte is an old bull- fighter who has passed his prime; his sun is setting. Romero is a young bull- fighter who is just coming into his own; his sun is rising. Belmonte, "no longer had his greatest moments in the bull- ring. He was not sure that there were any great moments"(219). This contrast suggests the cycle of life and death. Good bull- fighters come and go. Just as Romero is in his prime, someday he too will be an older bullfighter, unable to move with the same grace he had in his youth. This cycle of life and death can be seen on a much larger scale by looking at the ex-patriots. The ex-patriots are members of the post- World War I generation that is sometimes referred to as the Lost Generation. They went through the horrors of War and depression in their young lives and found themselves living in Europe and seemingly devoid of morals, spirituality, and purpose.

Brutus versus Cassius in Shakespeares Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

Brutus vs. Cassius In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is the story of Julius Caesar’s death that took place 1500 years ago. Caesar, during the time, was escalading in power and was to become emperor. The public was mostly pleased with having Julius Caesar as their emperor but there were people who were outraged and were determined to stop this from happening. The conspirators, as they were called, were a group made up of senators and men of high status in Rome. The two most important men were Marcus Brutus and Cassius. These two men planned and killed Julius Caesar and later led a civil war against Octavious Caesar, Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus. Although both Brutus and Cassius had their hearts set on the same goal they show distinct contrast between their traits and their moral fiber. Brutus is a character of fierce loyalty and nobility towards Rome. He is a man honored and admired by everyone. He gets too preoccupied with his political life and doesn’t give enough attention or love to his wife. Brutus is also a man of strong pride and self confidence which led to the fate of this tragic hero. Brutus’ honor is displayed during his speech at Caesar’s funeral, â€Å"Who is here is so rude that would not be a Roman? If any speak, for him I have offended†(3.2.29-32). Although Brutus has strong honor, he is also over confident. This is shown to us when he tries to befriend Antony. â€Å"O Antony, beg not your death of us! Though now we must appear bloody and cruel, as by our hands and this our present act you see we do, yet see you but our hands. And this bleeding business they have done†(3.1.177-181). Brutus is clouded by his exaggerated poise and can not realize that Antony will be livid and will not listen. Brutus could not see the harm being caused, instead he was a man thinking for the good of Rome. Cassius is a character far less great then that of Brutus. Cassius is an envious and corrupt man who is also politically astute and thinks inward instead of out like Brutus. Cassius’ motive for killing Julius Caesar is because he is jealous of Caesar’s political position and for him to obtain more power. Brutus versus Cassius in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar :: essays research papers Brutus vs. Cassius In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare is the story of Julius Caesar’s death that took place 1500 years ago. Caesar, during the time, was escalading in power and was to become emperor. The public was mostly pleased with having Julius Caesar as their emperor but there were people who were outraged and were determined to stop this from happening. The conspirators, as they were called, were a group made up of senators and men of high status in Rome. The two most important men were Marcus Brutus and Cassius. These two men planned and killed Julius Caesar and later led a civil war against Octavious Caesar, Marc Antony and Marcus Lepidus. Although both Brutus and Cassius had their hearts set on the same goal they show distinct contrast between their traits and their moral fiber. Brutus is a character of fierce loyalty and nobility towards Rome. He is a man honored and admired by everyone. He gets too preoccupied with his political life and doesn’t give enough attention or love to his wife. Brutus is also a man of strong pride and self confidence which led to the fate of this tragic hero. Brutus’ honor is displayed during his speech at Caesar’s funeral, â€Å"Who is here is so rude that would not be a Roman? If any speak, for him I have offended†(3.2.29-32). Although Brutus has strong honor, he is also over confident. This is shown to us when he tries to befriend Antony. â€Å"O Antony, beg not your death of us! Though now we must appear bloody and cruel, as by our hands and this our present act you see we do, yet see you but our hands. And this bleeding business they have done†(3.1.177-181). Brutus is clouded by his exaggerated poise and can not realize that Antony will be livid and will not listen. Brutus could not see the harm being caused, instead he was a man thinking for the good of Rome. Cassius is a character far less great then that of Brutus. Cassius is an envious and corrupt man who is also politically astute and thinks inward instead of out like Brutus. Cassius’ motive for killing Julius Caesar is because he is jealous of Caesar’s political position and for him to obtain more power.

Case #1: Cca (Board of Directors)

BUSN7045: Corporate Governance Case Study 1 Jiachen Lyu u5264027 1 Evaluation of the Board of Directors of Coca-Cola Amatil Jiachen Lyu Student ID: u5264027 1. Basic analysis – a macro perspective From the publicly open information, the member composition of the Board Of Directors (BOD) of Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) can be summarised as the following table (Table 1- 1). It can be easily seen that non-executive directors account for the majority of the board.According to Tricker (1994), this particular composition is of a typical American kind, which is specifically designed to emphasis the independence among members in the board and their loyalty to the shareholders. Table 1-1 Composition of Board of Directors Compan y Name Total direc tor No. Executi ve director Nonexecuti ve directo r Composition of non-executive directors Exper t direct ors Chairma n of other compani es Investment agency representati ves Individu al investor s Coca- Cola Amatil 9 1 8 8 2 3 0 However, it is wort h noting that this particular formation is a result of the highly developed American capital market.In such a market, the frequency of hostile takeover is so common a market phenomenon that masks the lack of BOD’s function. In American companies’ management practice, people focus more on centralisation and expert system, which reduces the importance of executive directors. Comparing with the U. S. , both the turnover of Australian stock market and the frequency of hostile takeover are low, which posts a shadow on the adaption of Cola’s American empirical practice into Australia. 2. Focus on non-executive directorsThe non-executive directors are directors who are employed from the outside. They are normally specialist in areas such as strategic management, finance, investment, legal and public relation. In order to better fulfil the duties of a BOD, National Association of Corporate Directors Blue Ribbon Commission emphasises that each director should contribute his knowledge in at least a field listed below: (1) accounting and finance, (2) judgment, (3) management skills, (4) crisis response, (5) industrial knowledge, (6) experience in international markets, (7) leadership, and (8) strategic vision.According to this point of BUSN7045: Corporate Governance Case Study 1 Jiachen Lyu u5264027 2 view, it can be analysed from the information available on the CCA’s website as Table 2-1: Table 2-1 Appraisal of CCA’s non-executive directors D. G . I. A . C. B . A. F . M. J . G. K . W. K. D. M . Judgment Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Management skills Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Crisis Response Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Industrial Knowledge N N N Y Y Y N N Experience in the international market N N N Y Y Y N NLeadership Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Strategic vision Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Abbreviation: David Gonski (D. G. ), Ilana Atlas (I. A. ), Catherine Brenner (C. B. ), Anthony Froggatt (A. F. ), Martin Jansen (M. J. ), Geoffrey Kelly (G. K. ), Wal King (W. K. ), David Meiklejohn (D. K. ). From Table 2-1, it is clear that some finance and law background non-executive directors (i. e. D. G. and I. A. ) lack of knowledge in beverage industry and have little experience in international markets.When they were facing situations that need industrial judgement and global vision, the limit of their knowledge would be likely to hurt the interest of shareholders. Most non-executive directors, due to their insufficient knowledge about the inner working of the company, tend to rely on financial criteria rather than innovation criteria to evaluate the long-term management of the enterprise, which may lead to short-sighted decisions and further hurt the goodwill and innovation of CCA.Furthermore, most aforementioned non-executive directors are quite busy as they may be managers of other companies or partners of investment banks, they therefore do not have sufficient time to collect detailed management information about CCA. Consequently, the most probable channel of their source of CCA’s information is from the managers. Ironically, while the purpose of establishing a BOD is to solve principleagent problems between the ownership and management, the possible information asymmetry between manager and BOD (thanks to the large proportion of busy nonexecutive directors) may result this vehicle into null.From a strategic perspective, on the other hand, all these non-executive directors as experts in finance, investment, legal issues and science have long term experience, most of whom are over 50 year’s old. They can provide more specific knowledge and advice in terms of strategic management. This is the positive effect of having eight nonexecutive directors in the BOD of CCA. References: Bol Tricker. , Corporate Governance, An International View, p. 20, Prentice Hall, 1994.

Macbeth suffers a terrible downfall – Who is to blame? Is it all his fault? Is he truly evil?

In the play†Macbeth†, Macbeth suffers a terrible downfall. At the begining of the play he is fearless and brave he doesn't have a care in the world but by the end he has become corrupted and a fearful, tretorous man. At first we don't see Macbeth we only hear about him all we know at the begining is that he is in battle fighting the norwegians and alongside him is Banquo his dearest friend. The king discribes him as â€Å"Brave Macbeth† for his fighting shows he is brave as well as fearless so later in the play for this he is rewarded Thane of Glamis. Along the way homewe hear about the 3 witches or as Macbeth calls them â€Å"The Instruments Of Darkness†, Macbeth and Banquorun into them and they give Macbeth 3 predictions which are 1)He Becomes Thane of Cawdor 2)He Becomes Thane of Glamis 3)He Becomes King He does not belive it but he is already Thane of Cawdor and anyone would know that. After hearing this Banquo askes about him and the witches say that he will not be king himself but his children or children's children will be, both Macbeth and Banquo are intrigued by what they have herd but when Macbeth askes to know more the witches vanish. This shows that these witches started everything off as you will see when the story moves on. When Macbeth arives back at his camp a messenger brings the news that he has become Thane of Glamis which was the witches second prediction. Glad to hear the news the witches brang him as well as becoming Thane of Glamis, Macbth write's his wife (Lady Macbeth) a letter telling her what has happened, as Lady Macbeth reads the letter she builds up an idea in her head. By the time she had finished reading it she had a plan to make Macbeth king. This plan was to murder The king in his sleep and make it look like the guards did it by placeing the bloody knifes on them. When Macbeth hears of this plan in his head he thinks to himself â€Å"should i or should i not kill the king† he doen't know weather to be loyal to his king or to his wife. In the end he decides to choose his wifeand go through with the murder. As he is walking to the kings chamber he see's a floating knife in his way which he things is a sign to go through with it (or is it a sign of guilt?) then blood appears on the knife and he knows what to do he murders The king. The murder was not shown on stage because the King/Queen always came to see shakespear's plays and if they see themself's getting murdered they might think that someones plotting against them. Macbeth also kills the guards so he has less chance of being found out. Lady Macbeth acts as if it can be forgotten she tells Macbeth to wash his hands clean of the blood and he will never be cought. In the morning when the king is discovered Macbeth tries to cover up his tracks; â€Å"Loyal, and neutral, in a moment; No man, the expedition of my violent love† this is what Macbeth says when the guards are dicovered he said that he killed them in anger after finding out about the murder of The king. Lady Macbeth faints to draw attenchion away from Macbeth. When the air to the throne finds out the king is dead flees to another country. The killing of Banquo is a simple thing to explain, Macbeth has him killed because of the witches predictions. He believes that Banquo's children or children's children will take over his throne so he has him killed BUT! his son Fleaunce escapes. When Macbeth orders the killing of Macduffs family it is so dreadful because he wants Macduff dead not his family. I think that he has hem killed so thatMacduff is corupted and gives himself up. At the end of the play Macbeth changes totally in personallity and everything. From Starting of as brave, fearless Macbeth to feaful Macbeth. He believes he is invinsable that he can not be killed but he soon finds out that he is wrong. Macbeths weak points in this story were his wife, the witches and his conchance. Killing the king was his own choise but is wife also played a big part in killing him telling Macbeth â€Å"He wasn't a man if he didn't go though with it† he also believed it was what he had to do after seeing the floating dagger covered in blood. EVIL! evil is a man whom kills his king, evil is a man who kills his best friend, evil is a man who kills someone elses wife and children! I believe that Macbeth is infact evil for what he did to his king, best frend and Macduffs family. In the begining i don't think he would have even dreamt of doing such a thing but after hearing the witches predictions he changes, his heart turns black and all he cares about is being King of Scotland that was his goal and as far as he was concerned nothing was going to stop him by getting in his way!

Influence of Religion on the Civil Rights Movement

Religion has had a profound effect on numerous events throughout the course of American history. The Civil Rights Movement was not withheld from the influence of religion, particularly Christianity and Islam. Many of the key players such as Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, who were devoted to the cause of justice and equality for African Americans, gained their passion from their spiritual roots. Through these religious leaders organizations were established to fight for civil rights. It was through these religious men and the religion of blacks that the fight for equality gained enthusiasm and courage to fight oppression and discrimination. Opposition also came from religion, however. Reverend Jerry Falwell and the white supremacists of the Ku Klux Klan, who fought against the Civil Rights Movement, based their justification for an inferior black race on their religious beliefs. The Civil Rights Movement, by the people and parties involved, was in itself a battle of beliefs. How is religion involved in the progression and initiation of the fight for equality for African Americans? Christianity, being the a religion active in the Civil Rights Movement, has aspects within its doctrine that encourages equality. It contributed in giving African Americans the passion and the support to continue on in the struggle despite its hardships. â€Å"‘I come to preach, to liberate them’†¦. The thrust of the Civil Rights Movement†¦was that God was on the side of the oppressed, the poor, the downtrodden, the outcast, the persecuted, the exploited. God is on the side of justice† (Williams 119). Those that believed in God also believed that this divine, powerful being was behind their every effort and would grant them victory in the battle for civil rights. They saw themselves as the persecuted and knew that their God would have compassion on them through their difficulty. Moreover, the Christian faith brought unity among African American because they saw others turning to faith for hope to gain equality and so they followed suit. â€Å"According to several respondents, religion engendered in them collective identities and meanings that imbued a sense of purpose† (Williams 113). It â€Å"inspired the construction of perspectives proclaiming, ‘people who were products of segregation must be viewed theologically as the poor, the handicapped, the downtrodden. And theologically we have a responsibility to use our faith—to not be afraid to confront the oppressor’† (Williams 113). Many Christians believed it was their duty and their way of showing obedience to God by fighting those who discriminated against them. Christianity was certainly a motivator and contributor to the Civil Rights Movement. It caused African Americans to not limit their movement to the potential of a human being. Instead, they gained hope in believing that something more powerful than them was working to give them equality. Despite the unity and empowerment that blacks received from their churches, white churches mostly existed in the background and never really urged their members to partake in the Civil Rights Movement. Rather, they sat back in a more comfortable position and consented to the Supreme Court’s decision to segregate. Integration, although it did occur, had a very slow progression in Caucasian churches and schools. Roman Catholicism was the first Christian sect to completely integrate their parochial schools (Mathisen 575). With Catholics and most other sects of Christianity, preachers gave sermons to white folks, many of whom favored segregation. If a pastor spoke out about the injustices of discrimination and encouraged civil rights, they might be removed from their position as a clergyman. Moreover, Ku Klux Klan members were mixed in their churches as well. â€Å"Much of the minister’s ardor is dampened when he returns to his flock though this is not to say that he bends completely to their will. It is not without significance that some fairly strong announcements have been made on the local level† (Mathisen 574,575). Based on their audience, white pastors had to weaken their sermons so that people would continue to attend their church and so they could maintain their job. Clearly, white Americans were not all opposed to integration. Rather, many of them just did not desire to sacrifice their lifestyle to help African Americans in their struggle for equality. Yet, this is not to say all Caucasians did not fight for civil rights, but the majority of them were not an active part of the movement. Such a religious force in America that did not partake in the struggle for civil rights held back some of the potential of the movement. The Ku Klux Klan, notorious for their brutality towards others, fought against the efforts of Civil Rights activists. Despite their ruthless behavior, the Ku Klux Klan had members in law enforcement and within the church. Members of this organization believed that only white Christian people should exist within America and that other races should be honored to be controlled by Caucasian Christians. If others, such as the African Americans in their fight for civil rights, tried to gain an equal status, then the KKK would use ruthless tactics to suppress them. They defended their violent acts against African Americans by referencing their faith. A member of the KKK was asked in an interview, â€Å"What is your explanation of why there have been so many National Police Agents [F. B. I.? ] involved in the case of the ‘missing civil rights workers’† (Mathisen 576)? The Ku Klux Klan member, knowing that the National Police Agents involved were in cooperation with the KKK, responded, â€Å"First I must correct you on your terms. Schwerner, Chaney and Goodman were not civil rights workers. They were Communist Revolutionaries, actively working to undermine and destroy Christian Civilization† (Mathisen 576). Later on in the interview the KKK affiliate declared that Lyndon B. Johnson, a president known for his support of the Civil Rights Movement, â€Å"is a communist sympathizer† (Mathisen 576). This member was clearly discussing the Civil Rights activists. He proclaims that they were tainting the Christian religion, which is why they were killed and are â€Å"missing. This notion brings up religion as a contributor to their own views against African Americans. â€Å"The KKK uses words from the Holy Bible and teachings from Protestant Reverends to support its cause and justify its actions† (Fisher 1). They truly rationalize their superiority complex and their brutality to blacks by the Christian faith. By using Christianity, they too obtained unity against the Civil Rights Movement. The Ku Klux Klan was not the only notorious adversary of civil rights. A prominent opponent of the fight for African American equality and was the Baptist minister, Jerry Falwell. Falwell was a strong supporter of segregation and believed that based on the bible, â€Å"Africans were the cursed descendants of Ham, and worthy only of subservience to white people† (Kimberley 1). In Genesis of the bible Ham was cursed by his father, Noah, for disrespecting him. Through this, Reverend Falwell believes that African Americans should not gain any standing in society. To him it is the natural place of blacks to be below the status of whites due to the actions of their ancestors (Kimberley 1). Due to this, his position on civil rights legislation is very ardently against it. He has been reported to have said that the Civil Right Movement is a ‘civil wrong’ (Kimberley 1). Clearly, religion was used on both sides of the spectrum as a means to rally for a cause. While it was used by blacks for their crusade, some whites relied on it as tool to keep segregation and maintain discrimination. Martin Luther King, Jr. is one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. It is through him and others like him that African Americans gained justice and equality. One of the motivators of this intelligent, talented orator is most certainly his faith. Before ever becoming a part of the battle for civil rights, King was a devoted Christian and minister of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church (King 47). He, then, carried these beliefs into the Civil Rights Movement. â€Å"There comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression† (Kelley 463). King continues on in a freedom sermon, â€Å"I want say that we’re not here advocating violence†¦We have never done that†¦I want it to be known throughout Montgomery and throughout this nation that we are a Christian people†¦We believe in the Christian religion. We believe in the teachings of Jesus. The only weapon we have this evening is the weapon of protest† (Kelley 463). The reactions to these words were astounding. People identified with this idea and it gave them passion and courage to pursue equality. â€Å"All through that statement of religious identity the people shouted and applauded, moved with King, pressed him forward even as he urged them toward their own best possibilities† (Kelley 463,464). By their religious unity the Civil Rights Movement becomes undeniably contagious. As faith is mentioned, everyone joins in the excitement of the crowd and begin to trust that with numbers they can protest and achieve equality. Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s most famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† contains within it references to religion, faith, and hope. â€Å"And when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and city, we will be able to speed up the day when all of God’s children—black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Catholics and Protestants —will be able to join hands and sing the words of the old negro spiritual, â€Å"Free at last, free at last; thank God Almighty, we are free at last† (Finkenbine 190). This speech, like many of his others, held within it the idea of nonviolence. King looked to an Indian leader named Mahatma Gandhi as a guide to his desire to resist violence in the Civil Rights Movement. Despite this, he always turned to the Bible as a source to defend this action. King puts it best when he said, ‘The spirit of passive resistance came to me from the Bible, from the teachings of Jesus. The technique came from Gandhi† (Kelley 468). Religion was certainly Martin Luther King, Jr. ’s driving force as he became a prominent leader of the movement. He used Christianity as a means to support his every action and without its inspiration he would not have had nearly as great an effect on the Civil Rights Movement. Through him, African Americans came together inspired to make a change to society and not stand for injustice. Another contributor to the Civil Rights Movement was a man known as Malcolm X. He, like numerous other African Americans, took to practicing the religion of Islam. Elijah Muhammad, a member of the Nation of Islam (NOI), influenced Malcolm X and many others into pursuing these beliefs (Kelley 478). Black Muslims viewed themselves in American society as â€Å"an isolated and unappreciated appendage† (Mathisen 576). Muhammad saw the black race as not wanted and believed that the only way to achieve peace in such a circumstance is to remove those that do not desire them. Moreover, he taught that white people belong in Europe and that, â€Å"there will be no peace until every man is in his own country† (Mathisen 576). Black Muslims stressed their own identity and black racial supremacy. They had little desire to integrate and would have rather made America their own Islamic nation. With such a heavy goal, they decided to become a part of the Civil Rights Movement and obtain the rights that they believed were due to them. Malcolm X was brought into the Nation of Islam and it became his inspiration to gain equal rights for African Americans. He actually, despite Elijah Muhammad’s influence, was the leader who made the Nation of Islam a prominent and powerful force in the United States. Unlike Martin Luther King, Jr. , Malcolm X believed in violence as a means for blacks to gain better standing in society. People looked to him as the militant, uncompromising man who would use violence when needed to scare whites into accepting their conditions. He too believed, as many black Muslims, that building black institutions and defending blacks was far more important than integrating into society. Through men like Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, â€Å"the Nation of Islam attracted thousands of urban blacks to the disciplined life of abstinence, prayer, and black self-determination† (Kelley 478). Although their techniques were different in achieving civil rights for African Americans, this religion of Islam motivated people just like Christianity to fight for equality and justice. As religious leaders began to speak up and stand up against the prejudices that African Americans faced, organizations began to form to further the effectiveness of the struggle for civil rights. One such organization is Congress for Racial Equality, or CORE. This group, which organized direct nonviolent protests, branched off of the Fellowship of Reconciliation. The Fellowship of Reconciliation was a Christian pacifist group formed during World War I. They, like Martin Luther King, Jr. , believed in the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi and implemented Christian values into their approach (Kelley 450). The Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) focused on destroying legalized segregation, particularly on downtown stores and municipal facilities. Another association that sprung up out of religious roots is the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). By 1957, Martin Luther King, Jr. and several black ministers from the South came together to form this organization which was based on the â€Å"Montgomery experience† (Kelley 470). One of their major accomplishments during this time was that they held conferences and organized people, such as when a group of some twenty thousand people came together in Washington, D. C. to pray for civil rights legislation. The fact that a mass amount of people came to pray that day gave others in the church the inspiration to look beyond their own means and to see things occurring which have never before. This gave African Americans hope and led more of them to these gatherings since they know that their desire for justice can be heard. Religion had a major effect on the Civil Rights Movement. Even when it was on an individual level such as with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, the effects of religion trickle down into the masses. Speech after speech, African Americans became inspired and empowered by them and began to believe in things beyond their own human capacity. Blacks turned to divine beings as a means to achieve equality and justice. Religion helped teach them to ignore the years of discrimination and damage to their self-esteem. It gave them the power to stand strong in the face of hurt and in the face of humiliation. Without religion, the Civil Rights Movement would not have had the unity, and hope that allowed it to continue on. At the same time, however, the enemies of the movement found their muse to keep segregation and discrimination. Religion was then used by them too as a means to protect their way of life and maintain the status over blacks that they had ingrained in them since the time of slavery. Religion had a mixed influence over the movement, but in the end African Americans would see the day when they gained those civil rights. They would see the day when blacks have equality under the law in America.

Personal Philosophy of Education Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Philosophy of Education - Coursework Example Specific philosophies I plan to incorporate into the classroom include life lessons, as well as Native North American, Western and Eastern philosophies. These specific philosophies will allow me to instruct my students with a form of learning that is based off of actual events that produce positive outcomes. Student will be able to see and understand how specific actions produce specific goals. When a student works hard, they will gain knowledge which will carry with them for the rest of their lives. Students will also be able to see how negative choices have negative effects. A constructivist approach to instruction allows for me to be able to instruct students with the best instruction I can provide. I personally believe that this teaching philosophy reflects my personality and contribute greatly to my own classroom management style. A behaviorist approach will not totally be ignored, but a constructivist approach is definitely favored. Each will contribute to my own personal philo sophy towards education.

Film The Killing a 1955-1956 film noir directed by Santley Kubrick Term Paper

Film The Killing a 1955-1956 film noir directed by Santley Kubrick - Term Paper Example The first suspense in the film occurs during Jonny Clay’s attempt to rob the money and that too amidst the crowd visiting a featured race where Johnny and his group of corrupted cops try to rob the money. The second suspense occurs when the ensuing shoot out takes place between George and his associates and Val. Till the end of this encounter, the director is able to sustain the suspense and the last scene is the most thrilling one. The chase and pursuit for escape carries the capacity to tie the audience with the film and no one can escape the enigma, magic and a pervading feeling of ‘what next’ in the film. These elements of suspense are built up with every well -edited scenes, visual and sound effects. Money and greed or pursuit for it, forms the basic ingredients of the film noir genre. Without any exception, the film ‘The Killing’ religiously bears all the traits of film noir genre. Robbery of million dollars and chase for it, consequently leads to a series of killing and presents a volley of homicides which ultimately result in killing all the characters of the film except the hero and the heroine. The corruption and the prevailing professional hitch between the cop and their respective regime are also brilliantly displayed by Kubrick and this hitch also serves as an important motif of the murders in the film. Last but not the least, the role of femme fatale in terms of agitating the whole process of murder as a catalyst is also commendable. Money plays the sole link between all the characters of the movie. It serves as a chief tempter and main motif behind all the murders taking place within the suspense filled plot of the story. Johnny robs million dollars for the pursuit of wealth. George Peaty, the corrupt cop and his associates all the characters are running in the pursuit of money. It is for money that the characters are chasing each other and it is only for the sake of money that one after other murder occurs in the